The loss of function of FUT8 has also been reported to be related to down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) receptor and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, proteinase-activated receptor and integrin activity, which contributes to emphysema-like changes in the lung, and growth retardation in FUT8-null mice [51]. This evidence concerns the gene FUT8 and pulmonary emphysema.