We did not observe any significant effect of HN001 supplementation on fasting insulin (although the mean of HN001 group is higher than that of placebo), HOMA-IR, lipids (LDL-c, HDL-c, total cholesterol, and triglycerides) among all 348 studied participants, even when stratified by GDM (Table 3), maternal age, or obesity status (data not shown). Here, INS is linked to Obesity.