We did not observe any significant effect of HN001 supplementation on fasting insulin (although the mean of HN001 group is higher than that of placebo), HOMA-IR, lipids (LDL-c, HDL-c, total cholesterol, and triglycerides) among all 348 studied participants, even when stratified by GDM (Table 3), maternal age, or obesity status (data not shown). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.