In addition, co-staining for Alcam and pERK (a known downstream marker for S1pr2 activation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC)44, indicating elevation and inhibition in pERK signal (nucleus-localized) in cholangiocytes by TCA and JTE-013 respectively (Fig. 2E,F). Here, ALCAM is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.