For instance, the absence of A. muciniphila has been associated with resistance to PD-1 chemotherapy in melanoma37,38, lower abundances of F. prausnitzii are associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and presence of specific bacteria such as E. coli Pks+, Bacteroides fragilis Btf + and Fusobacterium nucleatum is related to colo-rectal cancer39,40. Here, ARAF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.