TLR4 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Then, we validated this result in a larger dataset of the TCGA cohort, and a significant difference of TLR4 expression was confirmed among GBM subtypes (p < 0.0001 Kruskal–Wallis test), being higher in MES subtype compared to PN and to CS subtypes (p = 0.001 for both comparisons, Dunn test) (Fig. 1) Lower grade astrocytomas (AGII and AGIII) presented TLR4 higher expression levels when compared to GBM samples (p = 0.001 for both comparisons, Dunn test).