TLR4 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Here, we first recapitulated TLR4 expression in our cohort of 140 human astrocytoma of different grades of malignancy (26 AGII, 18 AGIII, and 96 GBM compared to 22 non-neoplastic [NN] brain tissue), and we next analyzed TLR4 signaling pathways.