TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: CXCL1 expression followed a similar pattern, whereby basal expression level was higher in T2DM-DF (skewed by the same T2DM-DF population; P = 0.2870, two-way ANOVA, n = 4) and was significantly induced by TNF-α in ND-DF only, by 27-fold (Fig. 5g, n = 4).