TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Neither TIMP1 nor TIMP2 gene expression was affected by either concentration of TNF-α, however T2DM-DF had a 1.7-fold higher basal expression of TIMP2 than ND-DF (579.8 ± 42.9 vs 340.4 ± 54.8% GAPDH respectively; ND-DF n = 5, T2DM-DF n = 4, Fig. 4g-h), although this did not reach statistical significance.