Several cytokines, such as TNF-α, TRAIL, IFN-γ, Flice-like inhibitory protein (FLIP), TGF-β, or IL-17, are frequently increased in the sera of hMDS and low-risk MDS patients (Table 2) [61,76,77,78,79,80]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.