Differentially expressed upregulated lncRNAs in long-term VM culture included the well-known nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), overexpressed in the substantia nigra, as well as H19, MALAT1, and SNHG12, previously reported to be enriched at early stages of PD pathogenesis (Figure 6B,E and Supplementary Table S2) [26,27,28]. Here, MALAT1 is linked to Parkinson disease.