The editing of COG3 and COPA has been shown to correlate with shortened progression-free survival in renal clear cell carcinoma, and high levels of COG3 editing have been associated with resistance to fluorouracil and austocystin D while high levels of COPA editing have been significantly associated with resistance to austocystin D and lapatinib [37]. The gene discussed is COG3; the disease is clear cell renal carcinoma.