LTF and anemia (phenotype): The possible mechanism that might explain the association between anemia and H. pylori infection among adult dyspeptic patients may include; consumption of iron by the organism itself [41], gastrointestinal blood loss due to H. pylori-induced gastrointestinal lesions [14], and gastritis increased levels of neutrophil-derived lactoferrin, and since H. pylori has a lactoferrin-binding protein receptor, the infection may result in increased iron losses related to bacterial turnover.