The PA level was significantly lower in women (χ2 test, p = 0.005), lower education level (p<0.001), obesity (p = 0.005), a history of hypertension (p = 0.012) or CVD (p<0.001), insulin treatment (p<0.001) and non-drinker (p<0.001). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.