Although the severity of chronic TID may affect the different expression levels of the renal AT2 receptor, the anti-fibrotic function of the AT2 receptor via disruption of the TGF-β signaling pathway has been reported in a progressive renal fibrosis model and a unilateral ureteral obstruction model, using AT2 receptor deficient mice26,27. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Ureteral obstruction.