NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Moreover, various actions of sulfasalazine in IBD, such as the inhibition of macrophage-derived cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), the increased expression of PPAR-γ, the inhibition of COX-2, the activation of caspase 3, and the suppression of NF-κB activation, are also reported from 6-paradol [50–52].