TNF and cancer: The relationships between pathways were observed, and predicted target genes were found to be enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling, central carbon metabolism in cancer, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint pathway in cancer, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling, apoptosis, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, pathways in cancer, and microRNAs in cancer pathways.