NLRP3 and coinfection: To investigate whether innate immune receptor pathways were driving mortality during co-infection, cohorts of TLR4−/−, NLRP3−/−, ASC−/−, AIM2−/−, caspase-1−/−, and caspase-11−/− mice were infected with P. chabaudi and/or C. rodentium and compared with concurrent co-infected wild-type (WT) controls.