TNF and infection: In our previous study, in which we found evidence of infection-, immune- and inflammation-related gene expression after influx of live bacteria into the fetus, we observed substantial increases in the mRNA abundance of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligands 10 and 16 (CXCL10 and CXCL16), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and Nuclear Factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFKB)10.