In addition, OSER formation that results from the expression of mutants such as TorsinA23, TorsinB24 and the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C (VAPB)25 has also been reported to be relevant to diseases such as dystonia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which suggests the existence of OSER structures under conditions of a physiological disease. Here, VAPB is linked to Dystonia.