IGFBP1 and diabetes mellitus: IGFBP-1 levels were not significantly different between patients with or without diabetes (p = 0.5230 for the AL group and p = 0.6708 for the PR group) and between those with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and those with a BMI < 30 kg/m2 (p = 0.6985 for the AL group and p = 0.2001 for the PR group).