HPV+ve tumors are immune-rich and more responsive to CRT with significant locoregional control199,200 than HPV−ve tumors.201 However, recent studies have shown that increased expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on fibroblasts and tumor cells make these tumors immunosuppressive.202 Many immunotherapies that target immune checkpoints like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are currently being evaluated. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.