Recently, fully humanized anti-PD-L1 mAb (durvalumab) was evaluated in the HAWK study on platinum-refractory (PR) R/M HNSCC patients.203 The interim results from this study showed a higher overall response rate (ORR) in HPV+ve patients than HPV−ve patients (30% vs 10%).203 Similarly, the use of FDA approved pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1)204 and nivolumab (anti-PD-1)205 mAbs in PR R/M HNSCC patients showed improved OS in HPV+ve HNSCC patients compared to HPV−ve patients. Here, CD274 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.