In contrast, increased macrophage recruitment in HPV+ve HNSCC tumors compared to HPV−ve tumors was reported to be associated with shorter RFS and OS.75 In addition to TAMs, significantly increased CD56+ NK cells and increased granzyme B expression were reported in HPV+ve OPCs compared to HPV−ve counterparts53,76 that correlate with improved OS.53,76 Langerhans cells (LCs) are the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system and decreased LCs density represents compromised immune surveillance. The gene discussed is GZMB; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.