TGFB1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A recent study has shown that increased secretion of LT-α from HNSCC TILs induced angiogenesis via increasing endothelial PFKFB3 expression and enhanced glycolytic flux.143 Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted from many cell types, are known to mediate cell-to-cell communication by carrying signaling molecules, including VEGF, TGF-β, bFGF.