Among other E3s known to regulate NK cell function is NK lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM), a ring finger protein involved in the cytolytic function of NK cells.177,178 NKLAM deficiency in mice does not affect NK cell development or maturation, but impairs the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production of NK cells, reducing the ability of mice to control melanoma metastases.179 Precisely how NKLAM regulates NK cell cytotoxicity is unclear. This evidence concerns the gene RNF19B and melanoma.