TLR4 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: In addition, (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BG), a major Candida cell wall component, in serum from gut translocation enhances systemic inflammation through the additive effect on endotoxemia, as demonstrated in several models (14, 15), at least in part by the synergy of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and Dectin-1, receptors of LPS and BG, respectively (16).