Indeed, some ERVs, particularly evolutionary young ERVs such as HERVK, have retained open-reading frames within their gag and pol genes25 and envelope proteins derived from ERVK have been shown to trigger immune responses in an Indian rhesus macaque model.26 Similarly, the existence of ERV-derived immunogenic antigens, capable of triggering adaptive immune responses has been previously demonstrated in renal cancer.27 28. Here, ERVW-1 is linked to renal carcinoma.