TNF and hepatitis B virus infection: Here we investigated the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17A that have a great impact on the clinical outcomes associated with hepatitis B. However, this impact is still not well understood and some cytokines such as IFN-Y, IL-6, IL-2 and IL-4 have a controversial role in HBV infection, which may induce cirrhosis and HCC or eliminate HBV via inducing humoral and cellular immune response [28, 31–33].