In germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated mice, injection of CpG-ODNs and anti-IL-10 R antibodies failed to reduce subcutaneous tumor growth with shortened survival when compared to those without microbiota depletion.33 Reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-1α, Il-1β) and lowered Cd45+ TILs-produced Tnf was occurred in these microbiota-depleted mice after injection. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.