IRS1 and Hyperglycemia: Gelam honey-induced differential expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) (ser307), and Akt in HIT-T15 cells showed that Gelam honey exerted protective effects against diabetes and hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress by improving insulin content and insulin resistance.