TNF and status epilepticus: Tualang honey also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties; pretreatment with Tualang honey reduced neuroinflammation by reducing the elevation of TNF-α, IL-1β, glial fibrillary acidic protein, allograft inflammatory factor 1 and COX-2 in the rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brainstem in kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus rat [103].