ADIPOQ and prostate carcinoma: For adiponectin and overall prostate cancer, the overall pooled estimate indicated a small (4%) decreased risk of prostate cancer per 2.5 μg/ml increase in adiponectin (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99 per 2.5 μg/ml increase in adiponectin, p = 0.01) (Fig. 2c); the association was stronger in cross-sectional studies (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.83 to 0.95, p = 0.001) than prospective studies (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.01, p = 0.17, I2 = 46.9%), though there was considerable heterogeneity amongst the former (I2 = 76.0%).