For leptin and aggressive prostate cancer, cross-sectional study estimates were affected by exclusion of Basaria et al.40: this attenuated the association from 1.09 (1.03–1.16) to 1.04 (0.97–1.12); and Freedland et al.44: this increased the estimate to 1.17 (1.09–1.25). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and Familial prostate cancer.