We further hypothesized that the signaling-effects reported here should lead to a reduction in PGE2 as proposed in Fig. 4B. We indeed showed that DHA reduced the levels of PGE2 in mammary tumors as well as in non-involved mammary tissues; these results are consistent with the activation of PPARɣ and inhibition of NF-κB resulting in suppression of COX-229,30. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and breast cancer.