Of particular interest to us was that ST intoxication enhanced production of the IL-1 family member IL-33, an alarmin released upon epithelial cell damage (25) and implicated in TH2-mediated inflammation, including antihelminth immunity (37), epithelial repair (38), allergic asthma (39), goblet cell hyperplasia (40), and inflammatory bowel disease (41). Here, IL1B is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.