Of particular interest to us was that ST intoxication enhanced production of the IL-1 family member IL-33, an alarmin released upon epithelial cell damage (25) and implicated in TH2-mediated inflammation, including antihelminth immunity (37), epithelial repair (38), allergic asthma (39), goblet cell hyperplasia (40), and inflammatory bowel disease (41). This evidence concerns the gene IL33 and inflammatory bowel disease.