CCL4 and infection: As associated with reduced bacterial burden, multiplex cytokine/chemokine analyses performed on supernatants of infected THP-1 macrophages showed significantly attenuated proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin 6 [IL-6], interferon gamma [IFN-γ], and IFN-α2) and chemokine (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha [MIP-1α] and MIP-1β) responses to infection with the late-adapted M. avium subsp.