PDCD1 and neoplasm: Greater than two-fold increase in gene expression between tumor and normal tissue was observed in 15 (54%) patients for PD1, 3 patients (11%) for PD-L1, 6 patients (21%) for PD-L2, and 11 (39%) patients for CTLA4. When comparing across tumors within the three immune subgroups (C3, C4, C5), there was no significant difference in tumor expression of PD1, PD-L1, PD-L2, or CTLA4 or in the proportion of tumors exhibiting greater than two-fold increase in expression compared to normal of any of these genes.