MAPK1 and viral infectious disease: Among the MAPK signaling pathways, regulation of p38 by coronavirus has been wildly reported, where it plays a critical role during virus infection, including those with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) [18–20], severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [21–25], feline coronavirus (FCoV) [26], Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) [27], transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) [28], and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) [29].