While NOV/CCN3 is known as a matricellular, secreted protein, a cytoplasmic form of the NOV/CCN3 protein has been shown in prostate cancer LNCaP cells to interact with the N-terminal domain of the AR protein to inhibit nuclear translocation of AR, thereby acting in a negative feedback loop to block AR function [58]. This evidence concerns the gene CCN3 and prostate carcinoma.