The exome sequencing has revealed a rare variant of PDE4DIP, which significantly increases the risk of ischemic stroke [37], moreover, CpG island methylation in leukocytes annotated to PDE4DIP contributes to the epigenetic fingerprint of myocardial infarction [38], and finally, the gene is also significantly downregulated in liver of T2DM patients [39]. Here, PDE4DIP is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.