For example, Malassezia restricta was found to be enriched in the mucosa of CD patients, which may exacerbate colitis via producing inflammatory factors including TNF-α and IL-8.51Malassezia sympodialis has been found with a decreased abundance in flare status of CD patients6 and increased in those with remission.52 Identifying specific species of Malassezia may further our understanding of their roles in CD and associations with response to IFX. Here, CXCL8 is linked to colitis.