The anti-apoptotic action of E2 seems to involve upregulation of ERα and modulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and 2, as the association of exenatide to low dose E2 prevents electrocardiographic and histological abnormalities, reduced serum cardiac markers and IGF-2 level in isoproterenol-induced MI in male rats [78]. Here, ESR1 is linked to myocardial infarction.