Moreover, CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Tregs can reduce expression of CD80/86 by trans-endocytosis thereby preventing activation of effector T cells.5 PD-1 inhibits activation of pre-existing tumor-specific T cells during the effector phase and is thought to dampen an immune response after antigen eradication in order to prevent immune pathology. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.