IL4 and primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Ifuku et al. compared the expression levels of renal cytokine mRNA with those of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis (ANCAGN) and membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in IMN patients and found that IL-6, IL-12, and IL-17 in IMN patients were significantly reduced compared with the other two groups, while IL-4, IL-5, TGF-β, and Foxp3 significantly increased compared with the other two groups [108].