Previous investigators (48, 49) reported an increased expression of a variety cytokine genes such as IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and CSF-1, pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, and a decreased expression of IL-1RA and IL-10, regulatory genes, in uterine cytobrush and endometrial cells from cows diagnosed with endometritis during the early postpartum period (46, 50). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is endometritis.