In comparison with these oxidative stress-induced changes of essential proteins and consequent pathology of AD or PD, ATX3 is directly involved in counteracting oxidative stress by enhancing the association between Bcl-xL and Bax or promoting the expression of antioxidant SOD2 (Araujo et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2013). Here, ATXN3 is linked to Alzheimer disease.