For example, PTPN2 regulates cytokine-induced pancreatic β cell apoptosis (Moore et al., 2009), β cell insulin secretion (Xi et al., 2015), and insulin receptor signaling in muscle and liver (Galic et al., 2003), all of which contribute to T1DM pathogenesis. The gene discussed is PTPN2; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.