Upregulation of mTORC1 has been shown to lead to the accelerated development of several obesity-induced and age-related pathologies, such as lipid accumulation, inflammation, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregate formation, cardiac arrhythmia and muscle degeneration (Um et al., 2006; Zoncu et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.