CHL1 and hydrops fetalis: To characterize intrinsic properties relevant to HF inductivity in DPCs, distinct DP markers including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were monitored by IF, western blot, and RT-PCR analysis (Lin et al., 2016; Wang J. et al., 2018) (Supplementary Figures S1B–E).