The androgen receptor (AR), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), estrogen receptor 1 and 2 (ESR1 and ESR2), steroid-5-alpha-reductase 2 (SRD5A2), hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 3 (HSD17B3), hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta-and steroid delta isomerase 1 (HSD3B1), stAR-related lipid transfer domain containing 3 (STARD3), and mastermind like domain containing 1 (MAMLD1) are some of the genes that have been identified and associated with hypospadias (8, 12–25). Here, ATF3 is linked to hypospadias.