In GSEA, enriched Dkk3-related signaling pathways in colorectal cancer tissue included those associated with cellular adhesion and migration, melanogenesis, chemokine, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT, TOLL-like receptor, TGF-β, MAPK, and calcium signaling (Table 1, p<0.05). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and colorectal cancer.