TNF and endothelial dysfunction: These findings are similar to those of a previous study that showed that oligomeric proanthocyanidins from Rhodiola rosea (OPCRR) decreased the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 and enhanced IL-10 levels in atherosclerotic rats, which improved endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis via decreased inflammation and the expression of adhesion molecules [29].