In this regard, our transcriptomic analyses of fBM from offspring of OM-85-treated mothers also identified upregulated expression of XBP1, ATF6β and ERN1 (encoding IRE1α), key components of the XBP1-ERN1 signalling axis and critical regulators of the UPR pathway (67) which mitigates the effects of ER stress, and moreover we localized upregulated production of active XBP1s protein to cDC precursors. This evidence concerns the gene ERN1 and ocular melanoma.