However, in chronic inflammatory states such as those that may occur in obesity and NAFLD, IL-6 acts as a proinflammatory cytokine, reducing myogenesis by inhibiting insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 activity via activation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) (126, 127). Here, SOCS3 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.