Among the eighteen genes, four have been previously identified in patients with hypospadias (CYP1A1, FLNA, GLI3, and GLI2), three have been reported to be associated with cryptorchidism (FLNA, RET, and PTPN11), and one has been identified in patients with micropenis (EVC). This evidence concerns the gene PTPN11 and Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.