Human primary osteoblasts incubated with sera from DMD patients showed decreased nodule mineralization, downregulation of OSX and OCN, and upregulation of IL6, IL11, inhibin-βA, and TGFβ2, suggesting DMD can directly impact bone at a cellular and molecular level (Rufo et al., 2011). The gene discussed is IL11; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.