TNF and inflammatory skin disease: These inflammatory responses in skin inflammatory diseases are commonly modulated through NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways which contribute to the activation of immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (Wang et al., 2017; Guo et al., 2019).